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Genomic architecture of adaptive color pattern divergence and
convergence in <i>Heliconius</i> butterflies<br>
Megan A Supple1, Heather M Hines2, Kanchon K Dasmahapatra3, James J
Lewis4, Dahlia M Nielsen5, Christine Lavoie6, David A Ray6, Camilo
Salazar7, W. Owen McMillan8 and Brian A Counterman6,9<br>
<br>
<span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-family: 'Lucida Sans
Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica,
sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant:
normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height:
19px; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); display: inline !important; float: none;">Identifying the
genetic changes driving adaptive variation in natural populations
is key to understanding the origins of biodiversity. The mosaic of
mimetic wing patterns in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style:
none; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px;
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;
text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56,
56); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">Heliconius</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56);
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;
float: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>butterflies
makes an excellent system for exploring adaptive variation using
next-generation sequencing. In this study, we use a combination of
techniques to annotate the genomic interval modulating red color
pattern variation, identify a narrow region responsible for
adaptive divergence and convergence in<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="margin:
0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight:
normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Lucida
Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica,
sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;
vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-variant:
normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">Heliconius</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56);
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;
float: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>wing
color patterns, and explore the evolutionary history of these
adaptive alleles. We use whole genome resequencing from four
hybrid zones between divergent color pattern races of<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="margin:
0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight:
normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Lucida
Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica,
sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;
vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-variant:
normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">Heliconius erato</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56);
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;
float: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and two
hybrid zones of the co-mimic<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style:
none; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px;
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;
text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56,
56); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">Heliconius melpomene</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56,
56); font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;
float: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>to
examine genetic variation across 2.2 Mb of a partial reference
sequence. In the intergenic region near<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="margin:
0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight:
normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Lucida
Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica,
sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;
vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-variant:
normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">optix</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-family:
'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana,
Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal;
font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;
line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: justify;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); display: inline !important; float: none;">, the gene
previously shown to be responsible for the complex red pattern
variation in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style:
none; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px;
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;
text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56,
56); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">Heliconius</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56);
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;
float: none;">, population genetic analyses identify a shared 65
kb region of divergence that includes several sites perfectly
associated with phenotype within each species. This region likely
contains multiple<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style:
none; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px;
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;
text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56,
56); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">cis</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-family:
'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana,
Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal;
font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;
line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: justify;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); display: inline !important; float: none;">-regulatory
elements that control discrete expression domains of<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="margin:
0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight:
normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Lucida
Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica,
sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;
vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-variant:
normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">optix</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-family:
'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana,
Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal;
font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;
line-height: 19px; orphans: auto; text-align: justify;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); display: inline !important; float: none;">. The parallel
signatures of genetic differentiation in<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="margin:
0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight:
normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Lucida
Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica,
sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;
vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-variant:
normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">H. erato</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56);
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;
float: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="margin:
0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight:
normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Lucida
Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica,
sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;
vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56, 56); font-variant:
normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">H. melpomene</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56);
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;
float: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>support
a shared genetic architecture between the two distantly related
co-mimics; however, phylogenetic analysis suggests mimetic
patterns in each species evolved independently. Using a
combination of next-generation sequencing analyses, we have
refined our understanding of the genetic architecture of wing
pattern variation in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style:
none; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px;
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;
text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(64, 56,
56); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">Heliconius</em><span style="color: rgb(64, 56, 56);
font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande',
Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: auto;
text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;
float: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and
gained important insights into the evolution of novel adaptive
phenotypes in natural populations. <br>
<br>
</span><br>
<a
href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2013/05/14/gr.150615.112.short">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2013/05/14/gr.150615.112.short</a><br>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
James Mallet
OEB & GEE Depts
Harvard University & University College London
Cambridge, MA 02138 and LONDON WC1E 6BT
USA tel: +(1)617-496-5350
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim">www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim</a></pre>
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